A Church called Santa Prisca, Part II

Church of Santa Prisca
Taxco de Alarcón, Guerrero, Mexico

          Not being an astronomer, in the mathematical sense of the word, I avoided all references to the subject for years, even though, through a friend, Jan Adams, I had given a lecture or two about the stars in spite of my disbelief. 

          While looking into a list of rulers mentioned on various ancient stelae in different Maya polities, I found many of those names to be specific star descriptions. Sometimes no relatives were mentioned at all.  Yet, again I ignored the task of looking into astronomy as a research project.

          Then, one day, I was looking for an item in some of my previous work, and I realized that I was reading about glyphs and more often than not, most referred to a certain star or stellar event that had a solution to its meaning. But the definition of that event came from a source far from the Maya world and even further from Mesoamerica. 

          When I attempted to explain what I had found with others involved with Mesoamerucan astronomy, I was corrected and told I could not possibly have a solution from sources so distant from the Americas. However, the more I saw in the glyphs, the more often I saw that there were too many similarities to ignore. At times, geology or geography was implied or inferred.

          Nevertheless, I ran into more and more students of astronomy who swore that the sightings of the star locations at various temples were sacrosanct. Even the Planet Venus in the Dresden Codex was considered as the main star of the Maya, although those numbers had to be adjusted over and over agains with a great variety of calculations. Each attempt at proving the planet became more complex than the other. Why? 

          At the present time, the Church of Santa Prisca has proven itself to be something of great interest. Above the main altar is a domed cupola. It is painted with golden ribs and a blue background with an Eight-pointed star in each segment of the dome. When I looked up the word 'Prisca" in Italian, it became 'ancient' or 'previous.' Nothing to think twice about. But when I went into the Latin dictionary, it was quit a bit different.

           The Latin definition was a bit more specific: PRISCUS: as an adjective, old, ancient, old-time, old-fashioned, former,  previous; as an adverb:  In the previous fashion. The word "former" stuck out like a sore thumb. Is it possible that Sta. Prisca is also one of the former 'postiso' saints that never existed in human form. To confirm her miracle in the arena, on the side of the Summer Triangle is the constellation Leo, the lion who is often illustrated in a seated position. And sure enough, the lions of the Roman Coliseum reclined in front of the blessed saint, instead of mauling her. Hm.m.m..m. How many of the ancient gods and goddesses were nothing more than constellation stories in order to teach star locations?

Cupola of Church of Santa Prisca

          My complaint with astronomy in the Mesoamerican world is that information in the codices, the stelae, and other written records is ALWAYS considered as the Maya stars. Even when there are references with similar indications of a disaster, in other cultures, the emphasis is forever only Maya, even though the stars have always been universal outside of our world. What happens in one part of the world, also occurs in another within the twenty four hour of the calculated spin AND TILT of our orbit's star view.

        The first official description of the Great Star is found in Sahagún's translation of the Florentine Codex. It location is in the "signo del toro." Since then the constellation, Taurus and is companion star Sirius, has been targeted as the place where the Great Star was located.  I say 'was' because, if the star was a bursting nova, it no longer exists in its destructive fiery self.

           In Brazil there is an ancient cave with new wall paintings. Why do I say new?  Because many people had to repair to the caves when the deluge reached their shores. The Gulf of Mexico was hit the hardest and the waves went up and over the mountains that were in the way. Both the men of mud and the wooden manikins died in the same floor. There was no other that was so catastrophic within the Maya world or even within the records of the rest of the world. 

Brazil's Eight pointed Star with the New Milky Way

          The cave is purported to be from 5,000 years ago, however, as all caves that old, there is no reason to believe that the Milky Way incised on the walls of that cave are just as ancient. The blazing star on the cave wall is too similar in shape as the star on the cupola of the Church of Santa Prisca in Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico. Did the architect of Mexico know about the Great Star and know that its color was blue, or did he copy the cave star and put on a sky blue background to indicate that a star was the inferred image on the cupola?

Akkadian, the Eight Pointed Star
[Labat,  (1953, 13 [is] the Great star, 129 as NAB and
347, in a house.]

Egypt: Seshaet, as the Eight-pointed Star

That a special count of Eight-sided stars that appear constantly in the ancient world is not an accident. It was an observation by the astronomers of the event that literally rocked the world.

Hittite: Shala or Shalak: of the Eight-pointed Star, with many stars as her head

Marduk is in a position of breaking earth between two pillars and
 a deluge is occurring over one of them.
[grain cuneiform is associated with TU-TU the god Marduk and  URU the deluge (Labat 1952  , #58)]
Larousse, World Mythology, (1974. 68)

           Similar stars from various countries around the world, said to be more ancient than the Maya, but they were not.  They all saw the same star in the sky and used it for their appropriate governing bodies; and for their religions. There is much more to research than the little bit that I have accomplished here. Dates of antiquity were usually for the financial aids that could be acquired, and from the ego of the scholars who wanted to have discovered the oldest cultures in the world. Many dates were produced from the estimated Jewish calendar, and even Carbon 14 had that as its half-life designation. It worked for a while, but it never was as accurate as propounded.

           In the meantime, priests and friars of Taxco wanted a church for Mass and Christian celebrations, so they agreed to the stranger terms of the financiers and builders. Enough altars for the saints and several versions of Mary, the mother of God were added to take precedence over the strange altar prepared for another version of Mary, as the Virgen del Pilar. It had many scallop shells around it and it was as impressive as the other altars. But the concept came from furtherest northern location in Spain. 

          Pilgrims who went along the pilgrimage route to visit the shrine of Santiago de Complostella, many times went to the smaller church, 500 miles to the western shore where a stone boat was said to have been that which miraculously carried Santiago to that beachhead.[Encicl.Universal.1968, 297) The feast day of Nuestra Señora del Barco [y del Pilar] was October 12, Wasn't it Christopher Columbux who discovered America on October 12, 1492? (Stone,  (1927, 95-96)

          With the Great 8-pointed Star being on the cupola of a church that honors "previous times," under the guise of a Saint called Prisca, with an altar for a Pilgrimage church on the northwestern corner of Spain, whose version of Mary is Nuestra Señora del Pilar with a feast day that casually agrees with the date Columbus's landed on the shores of the New World, the Americas. It seems to make a very strong indication of subterfuge and defeating power with the need of putting up another expensive church in an area where silver ruled the area, not gold.

          Was Columbus telling the refugees who fled to the New World earlier, as "certified dead men" in the churches of the pilgrimage route. Their payment for their paid passages was to be the longitude and lattitude of wherever they found themselves. [Summers, (1974, 76)]  Their Eden was soon to be occupied by the very people who sent them from their homes in Europe? Were they to flee to the hinterlands further north? [Smithsonian, October 2008 SCIENCE & NATURE]

          What better gift could the migrant-pilgrims have given the defeated native population of Mesoamerica, than their sacred Great Star in full view of the enemy, the friars, who insisted their beliefs were stronger?  There was reciprocal feelings and protection for those who understood the importance of the Great Star. And it was another way of saying the Great Star would return in it full glory some day to bless them all for keeping the faith of their father/mother creators.
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Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada, Volume LIV, p. 247, Santiago de Compostela 42° 52’ 30” North8° 32’ 0” Longitude oeste, Symbols are seven stars around chalice Tomb with an eight-pointed star.

Labat, René (1953, 129, 129-a) Marduk is also associated with the words Nab or Nap. The word Nab is written as Naab in Egyptian glyphs as a bird-headed fire god. In Mayalands, Naab is associated with salt water and the ceiba tree. Both produce a fluffy-looking substance in the tree and in the sea as floating greenish oil clumps that in fact with a firebrand or
lightning strike would create a huge fire, even when it is a small clump.

Stone, R. J. S. (1927, 95-96). The Cult of Santiago Traditions, Myths and Pilgrimages. London: Longmans, Green and Company. Coast of Death (named by Gallicians is a wild rocky wreck- strewn shore) located at Iria Flavia and Mugia (where Santiago’s body landed) near Cape Finisterre. Church of Nuestra Señora de la Barca or Our Lady of the Pillar. Barca (boat) was turned to stone.

Summers, (1974, 76) Schools of medicine and philosophy cloaking judicial astrology, divination by the stars and magic sciences at Saragossa and Toledo. University of Salamanca (XII century founded) necromancy, sorceries schooling Guazzo tells of Black arts and Magic taught, destroyed by Queen Isabella in 1451 - 1504. Morgante Maggiore by Poet Pulci 1432 - 1474 has detailed poem

[Necromancy is calling forth of the dead. If the pilgrims had their death certificates passed on to the governing authorities, and took a ship in one of the many coves along the pilgrimage route, then their fee for both the certificate and the ship's passage would have been paid by a letter from wherever they landed with the latitude and longitude of their location. In this way Alfonso X, was able to add 8,000 locations to his re-edited Ptolemy maps. His wife, Volenta was his Jewish agent in one of the hospitals along the pilgrimage road to Santiago de Compostela's shrine.]

Smithsonian magazine, October 2008 SCIENCE & NATURE The 'Secret Jews' of San Luis Valley In Colorado, the gene linked to a virulent form of breast cancer found mainly in Jewish women is discovered in Hispanic Catholics  Photographs by Scott S. Warren . It was well known that during the late Middle Ages the Jews of Spain were forced to convert to Catholicism. According to a considerable body of scholarship, some of the conversos maintained their faith in secret. After Judaism was outlawed in Spain in 1492 and Jews were expelled, some of those who stayed took their beliefs further underground. The exiles went as far as the New World.. . . . ." . . . The discovery of the 185 delAG mutation [specific to Jews in Europe] in the valley and subsequently in New Mexico hints at a different story, with its own trail of blood and persecution. . . . For 300 years, as the territory passed from Spanish to Mexican to United States hands, there was almost nothing in the historical record about crypto-Jews. Then, because of probing by younger relatives, the stories trickled out. "It was only when their suspicions were aroused decades later," Hordes writes, "that they asked their elders, who reluctantly answered, 'Eramos judíos' ('We were Jews').' 

A Church Named Santa Prisca, Part I

Church of Sta. Prisca
 Taxco de Alarcón, Guerrero, Mexico

          Many of the post-conquest building that were constructed were functional buildings like monastic prisons, palaces for the foreign government, so they could compete in importance with the old rulers of Mesoamerica, and even European style churches for proper adoration of the new euro-christian churches.

          The strange thing about many mission churches is that many had an open area above the altars or near the sides of the churches that were screened from the worshipers below. They were not choir areas. I visited one old hospital in Puebla and discovered that there was such an extension near the back of the chapel. It seemed to be a reasonable explanation since even the sick would have wanted to hear about God and His plans for the after-life.

          It made perfect sense that above the backs of regular worshipers, the space would have not only the sick and ailing, but also their attendants, and a physician or two, since for some, the angel of death might have arrived quite unexpectedly.

         Walking around churches in the town, I found some areas were usually high above the altars, but not always. It made some sense since thundering voices from preachers would rise above the congregation and could easily be heard in the open shielded rooms. Since some areas had beautiful lattice-work screens in front, facing the worshipers, they seemed to be for a feminine audience. Women, were in the congregation below, so why were there women above?

          Hospitals had patients that might have needed emergency care; but ordinary churches did not have that option. One possibility would have been, an ancient version of our current churches. A "crying room" for mothers who wanted their children to hear about God as soon as possible. Such a "crying room" would have the same attributes as the church below, The noise of squalling infants would rise to the ceiling, ard not even be noticed by the congregation below. It seemed to be natural reasons for such separate areas in churches or temples.

          In a town of Taxco de Alacrón in the state of Guerrero, there was also a church with special requirements before any part of the church could be built. Whether it has a "crying room" area of not, I do not know. The church may have been once used for another purpose before the Conquest. Not only is dome over the main altar an indication that this was true, but also Sta. Prisca's name is suspect.

        Nevertheless, a special contingent of financiers demanded certain privileges for their donations of available cash. The syndicate who were supplying the funds for building the church, insisted that the workmen would NEVER be publicly identified. The 'workmen'? That was a new twist to a building requirement.[3]

           It was also agreed that there would be no investigation as to where the money would come from. And the designs of the altars would not be negotiable. The altars? That was even a stranger demand from the financiers. Was it some miracle cure that one or several of the money men experienced, or maybe a difficult birth of one of a child that such a vow; even together with the other conditions, there was no solid evidence as to why the demands were so stringent.

            Usually it is the reverse. Once the design was created, owners then presented their plans to those who might finance the costs. If one group of financiers would decide against the design. Then, it stood to reason was that either the design would be altered or the designers would find another finance company to supply the money.

          The thing that held my attention was the need for special altars in the church?  Such information was never recorded either; the source of the building funding, the names of the workmen and finally, the designs of the altars. How strange.

          One particular altar held my attention. Its description was more than just interesting; it was a nudge to look backwards at my previous research.    

Cupola de la Iglesia de
Santa Prisca, in Taxco de Alarcón,
Guerrero, Mexico

          Not so long ago, I researched the war cry in Mexico using Santiago de Compostela. What was interesting after I went through all the pilgrimage stops along the way, Santiago may have been the Mesoamerican war cry and NOT of the conquering Spaniard's. One can tell what sort of information will turn up when one goes so far afield.

          Another thing that turned up with the pilgrimage route was that Sahagún was not only a early merchandise center for incoming and outgoing ships, but it also was known as a monastery in Spain. So was the Sahagún monastery in Mexico, a Basque holdout before the Conquest? Or was it just a new new from a European site?

          In a cave in Brazil, a wall is covered with what appears to be the Milky Way. On one side of that image is a blazing star about the same shape of the above cupola of the church of Santa Prisca.

          The altar of Nuestra Señora del Pilar (or del Barco) has a multitude of sea shells as its decor. One much refer back to the pilgrimage to the shrine of Santiago de Compostela in Northern Spain. The general mode of dress for such pilgrims to the site of the Saint included a seashell similar to that of the altar. The pilgrims wore a strange wide-brimmed hat with the front turned up.

             Santiago de Compostela 42° 52’ 30” North 8° 32’ 0” Longitude oeste Symbols are seven stars around chalice Tomb with an eight-pointed star. Again, a star form that is similar to the cave and the cupola of the Church of Santa Prisca.{Encicl, Universal Ilustrada, Volume LIV, p. 247.]

             Come to think of it, there is also a similar star form in Egypt called Sesht.  As I searched Egypt, I not only found a reference back to Mesopotamia, but also to Akkadian, Sumer and Persia on several roll-out seals. So I have decided to do another Blog for Santa Prisca, Part II.    

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Barretto, Pierson (2000, 1) Arqueoastroniomia, Cometa, Encke, Phaeton, Rupestre Representiações Rupestres de Cometa em Pernambuco, Membro da Sociedade Astronômica da Recife - SAR. 

Regarding the Cave in Brazil with the Milky Way, as a single leg with a blazing star, said to be 

5, 000 years old. [However, the single spiral of the Galaxy did not appear until after the second run of the comets when they dropped the meteorites onto the land and the ocean floor. So the cave is from eons past, but the artwork is new.]

Castrejon, Diez, Dr. Jaime and Dra. Ruby Nickel de Castrejon, (1984, 23) Santa Prisca Taxco, México, DF México, Impreso in México, regarding Our lady of the Pillar Nuestra Señora del Pilar (o de la Barca.) altar and other altars, The picture of the altar is opposite p. 23.

bid, (1984, 13-14)

Church of Prisca in Taxco, México that contains an altar dedicated to Nuestra Señora and was rebuilt in the XVII century, “with one condition, that no religious order or any of the Viceroy's council should interfere with the building or managing of the money. The names of the workers will remain a mystery.” The carvings around the altar of Sta. Prisca, show shell iconography, [My Note: Similar to over-sized versions of the shell used during the pilgrimage to the shrine of Santiago de Composotela..]

Stone,Stone, R. J. S. (1927, 222). The Cult of Santiago Traditions, Myths and Pilgrimages. London: Longmans, Green and Company.  A  [?wool] cowl, fastened by a broad belt. On cowl they wore a red cross. Broad brimmed hat with front up-ended, held by scallop shell, a staff, a sack and a gourd to Santiago de Compostela. The walking stick used by pilgrim's on the Way of St. James to the shrine of Santiago de Compostela in Spain.  Generally, the stick has a hook on it so that something may be hung from it. The walking stick sometimes has a cross piece on it. The pilgrim's staff has a strong association with the veneration of Saint James the Great and the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela.

Cortada, p. 45, In 1072, Dona Urraca, sister of Don Alfonso fled to Sahagun Monastery, then transladose to Toledo beneath the ampara of the Moorish kings.

Xolotl and the Corn God

Zapotec Funeral Urn

          Urns were usually buried in a special areas of Zapotec tombs. All presented in the positing of the Aztlan listserve, were found as grave urns; sometimes in specially niches prepared for this purpose or with members and associates discovered in Monte Albán, in Oaxaca, Mexico. Urns are decorated with images of various deities: the god of maize, the god of rain  Cocijo  or the deity  Xipe Totec. The urn above came from the collection of the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. It clearly shows tlacuache  (Didelphis marsupialis), which often appears in the mythology of Mesoamerica and was associated with procreation, fire and corn. (Aztlan Listserveas an e-mail from Poland.)

         Here the dog, that at times also accompanies a dead person to the grave appears to be part skeletal; a normal aspect of death. The corn god, implied by the maize ears had another purpose however, they were indicative of a continuing life.  But not from a second life of the deceased. Instead, it may have been that the Maize god actually saved his followers from starvation with the help of Xolotl, who was part of the comet called Quetzalcoatl. Thought to be the sun, Quetzalcoatl  had carried in one hand a fan of feathers (implying fire) and in the other, a scythe. Such picrorial information told us about the ancient history of the Mexica, when many people died when he [Xolotl, as part of a blazing comet], flew over the land.

        Since a scythe is a specific Eurasian tool for cutting down the crops, and the Mesoamericans were more accustomed to the machete tool; the european version of a scythe may have been a post-conquest example of the tools brought over by the monks as their farming tools. It would have been the only way that the native scribes could date the codex without drawing attention to the fact that the codex was a fraudulent edition, even though it contains actual historic events.

        However, the scribes also left another message about the turmoil in the sky. Even though there was no mention of Xolotl in the Vaticanus 3738, Lamina 6, Xolotl was said to have fallen from the sky in order that the Sun, as Quetzalcoatl, would live to shine another day.

Quetzalcoatl over the Cave of the Mother-Father Ancestor/Survivors.

          It was a sun that Eric Thompson, commented on in his book: Maya History and Religion. The discovery of clay mines possibly used for ritual potting is recalled in a report from an ancient informnt:

Elsie McDougall's report to J. Eric Thompson of an old Kekchi woman who attributed skulls in a cave near Coban [Copan] to people living before the creation of the sun. When the sun appeared they stayed in caves, “By day they made pots; at night they came to the surface” was for the light too bright for them and they could not see. [2] 

        It was with this Sun that the Maize god gained his important status: that of a life giver. It seems that the small kerneled maize cobs were disregarded as useless for eating. They were probably at the bottom of the storage baskets and when found, it was after a time of rationing of the food and water. Such small cobs were literally tossed out of the caves as trash. But the Maize god had other plans for it. He, with the great heat of the new-born "sun," produced popcorn that prevented total starvation. He was then honored, even until today, with popcorn flowers, and other decorations. It was noted that it was he, the Maize god, that was reborn on the earth as a food provider.

       Other cave experiences around the world tells us of the rationing that was necessary to survive the long year or years after the appearance of the great blazing star, when the fifth sun was born. The Koran was one that claimed to have spent 300 years in the caves, but if that was the case they all would have died. Another religious text tells us the exact measures that were used to feed the cave dwellers. but that is story for another time.

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[1]URNS Zapotec

 Zapotec urns were set sometimes in specially prepared for this purpose niches or at the entrance to the tombs. All urns presented here come from tombs discovered in Zapotecs - Monte Albán , in the present state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Urns are decorated with images of various deities: the god of maize, the god of rain Cocijo or deity Xipe Totec . Last urn from the collection of the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City shows tlacuache (Didelphis marsupialis), which often appear in the mythology of Mesoamerica and was associated with procreation, fire and corn.  (Aztlan, 2013-4)  

[2]Thompson, J. Eric S. (1970, 344) Maya History and Religion. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman,

, 

The Cosmic Tree

The Cosmic Tree, the Miracle of the Sky
[See March 27, 2014 Also for this.]

      The flowers above, are similar to Those on the face of a sky god, thoght to be the Planet Venus in the  Dresden, on page 37 This sky god has one foot on the moon eclipse and the other on the sun eclipse. There can be no sky eclipse for either since the planet hides behind the sun for eight [8] days every rotation. On the other hand, in order that produce an eclipse of the moon, the planet must come between the moon and our earth. Since Venus is larger than Earth, it would probably completely destroy the earth.

      On February 26, 2014,  William T. Gassaway, in the Dept. of Art History & Archaeology at Columbia University!  wrote the Aztlan listserv through the Help Us paraphrased comments.

    The "panel" above is part of an Aztec altar, Of ​​which all four lateral sides are carved. It is Identified in the Aztec Empire catalog (Guggenheim, 2004: Plate 79) as "Altar of the Sacred Tree" (Aztec,! Approx. 1,300 stone, 58 x 72 x 67cm, Imnaha 10-81641). Esther Pasztory labeled it "Box with Ornate Tree and Bird, and Other Emblems" (Chalco! Morelos, 1200-1521; see Aztec Art, 1983: Plate 163).

      Along with the image of this bird in a "sacred" or "ornate tree" (aka! "world tree" or axis mundi), the altar features a "flower-and-shells emblem" with tendril-like stamen, and an abstract "trapeze-and-ray emblem" resembling (William Gassaway) either a stylized butterfly or a conch shell / Venus pectoral with possible date glyph (or bar numeral ').

      William has personal  Pasztory notes (1983: 212) Which read:

    "The ornamental quality of Chalco style is well  shown by the base on Which this statue [of Xochipilli, the "Flower Prince"]  sits (not found with the statue) to a stone replica of a wooden drum (see  Plate 256) a nd to a stone box (Plates 163-65).

    The double outline  surrounding all the forms, the rich floral ornament, and the Curvilinear  shapes differentiate Chalco styles from That of the Mexica. Chalco style is  direct continuation of the style of Classic Veracruz. Double outlines as well as design elements as dry shells recall the styles of Xochicalco and beautifully carved ball-game objects (see Plates 14, 15) ... 

   Motifs of Chalco art are flowers, shells, and butterflies rather than symbols of blood sacrifice. The practice of copying wood or clay objects in carved stone april have begun at Chalco with its tradition of fine stone-carving, which was probably influential on the nascent art of Tenochtitlán. Chalco, a traditional enemy of the Mexica, was finally conquered by Motecuhzoma I. "

     Except for the terminology found in the sentence:  either a stylized butterfly or a conch shell / Venus pectoral all the infomation is accurate, even the name 'Venus' but without the capiitalized letter. 'V'. 

      

      The 'butterfly' image brings to mind two different cultural references: that of the Mixtec And that of the Aztecs. In the  Codex Magliabechiano, he Lamina 18, the 'mari posa' [sic] is Identified as a "mariposa" a butterfly. 

Lamina 18, and 'mari posa' or Mariposa: A Butterfly

     Lamina 18 shows the center of this simplified butterfly, as the eye in the sky, or as a star, as found in Aztec, Maya, Mixtec and other Codices, murals, etc.. 

Lamina 07 A similar expanded many-legged blue butterfly
with a more formal rversion on the left

     While Lamina 17 shows an expanded version of a stellar bi-polar jet is basically a star tht is in the process of exploding. The bi-polar aspect is the central core of the blue version on the right with its center no longer the Mesoamerican star forms, but instead, it indicates either of the poles [north of south] where the gasses Began to expand outward, before this star disintegrated and left a huge nebula called the Ring Nebula it its place. 

Astro-artist's version of a Bi-Polar Jet.

     An excellent version of a bi-polar jet can be found at www.nasa.goddardspace.gov as Orionis V-1647 in the McNeil Nebula 100_0567 10-1.mov at http://www.nasa.goddardspace.gov   

     As the star Became a fireball inthe sky, the process was explained as a stellar "ball-game" in Mesoamerica or as a "battle" for a fire-ball between two sky dragons [comets] as found on the blue-tiled mural on a mini-wall in a Beijing park in China. 

At a Beijing Park in Chaina

     The "butterfly" aspect can also be related to fallen women as warriors who fell in the battle. This battle of the game-like fluctuating gravity of the bursting star was described by Mary Miller and Karl Taube In Their 1993 book published by Thames and Hudson, Inc.in New York and found on page 167 long before I discovered it in the ball games Popol Vuh of the.

  Tlaltecuhtli and blue goddess who arms and legs were torn apart and dropped on earth [comet debris] is described even better than I did in my book as I described the second ball-game of the twins Hunahpu and Xibalenque in A Ten-Sun Day , published under the auspices of www.lulu.com. and available on Amazon.

     The Aztecs took Tlaltecuhtli's story to heart and created what is now called the Moon Disk to A. Beam, and M. Simons in 1978 under an article titled "Digging up a Goddess" found in Newsweek, on page 96.

      Putting together all these pieces of information is a daunting task That took me over 35 years and i have posted dry information as early as March 27, 2012 here on my Google Blog. If there are any corrections, please let me know at Comments found below. Thank you.    

Oh My, The Sky Will Fall In!

          We are told now, that The Sky will fall In on us in a little while. An asteroid is on its way already. 

So keep your telescopes on the sky, but don't look down. If you look down at your feet, you will see that the land is dying, an acre at a time. The Oceans are not doing much better. 

           Coral Reefs have died sixty or more acres at a time. Of course, the big fish are still swimming strong. We can replace reefs with old cars and other metallic items that have cubby holes. The small fish can hide there from the big ones.  But can they eat the metal autos?

          Look to the Skies, the meteorite (or asteroid) is going to hit us soon enough.

But have no concern for the land under your feet. The acres that can no longer be planted with food.  What will you do when there is no food or even water to drink? What then?

          Look to the Skies, the meteorite (or asteroid) is going to hit us soon enough.

 No one should care about what is happening to the lands we live on. The fish are happy in tainted water and they can live for a while longer. But will we be able to eat the tained fish? Or any tainted food that comes from altered seeds?  Will not the food from bad seed hurt us?  Oh, no.

the food is great.  But how many people are already dying.  From what?  Altered medicines that have so many caveats that one will acquire a different disease to cure the one? Oh, but we will not worry about that. we don't have to.

          Look to the Skies, the meteorite (or asteroid) is going to hit us soon enough.

People were told that a long time ago. The Chicken Little going around telling her animal friends that the sky wall falling in.  She did not worry about the food supply. Until she turned into the Little Red Hen and found no one would help her to grow the wheat, not harvest it, nor grind it; not even to help her bake it.  And would not share with the lazy animals, because they did not help her. She ate the bread she made and her children ate that bread also.

          Look to the Skies, the meteorite (or asteroid) is going to hit us soon enough.

We have atomic power to help us with electricity, but the snow storms have taken the electricity and many people have had to be without. There nice clean fuel will not fire up without the electric starters. But no one should care. 

          Look to the Skies, the meteorite (or asteroid) is going to hit us soon enough.

What else is new?  Not very much as long as you look to the skies for your demise. Those tall building you all live in, with nice, neat elevators that will not work without electricity. No one needs them now. But who cares? People need the exercise. Climbing stairs is fun. But what if the food cannot be bought?  The prices are too high, as high as those stairs?

         Look to the Skies, the meteorite (or asteroid) is going to hit us soon enough.  

There is a tale from long ago. that the people knew when they were going to die, and no one wanted to do anything because, there would be no use to make furniture or grow food, or milk a cow, or a goat. What for? So God decided to take that knowledge away from the people. If they wanted to suffer by not planting food, or making themselves comfortable, that was fine with Him. They get ill and are no longer happy about how God is helping them?  As they watch the fertile lands disappear and the farm yards rot. "God is not helping us anymore," they say!

         Look to the Skies, the meteorite (or asteroid) is going to hit us soon enough.

The rule that we were given is Pray all you need to, but get up off your knees and do something about your problems, if you can. The hardest will be to ignore your problems, but the reality is that is the easy way out. It is expected that you will take hold of your life and your food and water supplies and make sure they are not tampered with. But who cares?

          Look to the Skies, the meteorite (or asteroid) is going to hit us soon enough.

   

The Turtle with Lamat Glyph as the Great Star [Venus?]

A Turtle and  Lamat Inflated

        After searching for the Turtle constellation in Richard Allen's 1963 book called Star Lore and Their Names, I turned up practically nothing. I knew that the Ring Nebula, next to Vega in the Lyra constellation, had been a nova, hence the Great Star, but could find little to substantiate it as "turtle."

         I had continued to read through the Lyra pages and discovered what I had missed. The languages older than Medieval Latin, had a great variety of names that actually led back to the Latin terms, but never the English. It was as if the Hermes myth of the music of the stars that was invented from a turtle carapace only existed in Middle eastern sky charts of long ago—and in Maya codex and ceramic art  Many times, the power of the Turtle and the Lamat glyph was used for a certain group of warriors.

         Aratos the ancient Greek astronomer who named many constellations, called Lyra: Chelos Alige, Little Tortoise. Other words in Latin, are Lutaria = Mud-inhabiting; Marina  and Testudo; Galapago, Mus and Musculus; Testa referred to the Upper Shell but Pupilla was strangely switched over ot Aquila. In fact, more than one reference claimed to be from other distant constellations even though they were originally the Testa, or Testudo variety.[Allen, 1963, 287]

Twins with a Turtle and an emerging God
NOT the Corn God.

      Nevertheless, the Eagle and jaguar soon overrode the power-image of the Turtle with the Lamat on its back. But not before some ceramic images were introduced to show that the turtle was indeed a very powerful figure when it was associated with the Twins, Hunahpú and Xbalenqué in their role as the “double sun” [as a double comet].

      Two Great fiery eyes on the Turtle carapace indicate that this emerging god may be or may not be the Corn God. while  the spots on both Hunahpú and Xbalenqué show that they were the double comet of the Aztecs, Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl. The fact that the Twins are holding the hands of the "god" may infer their sky birth as a double comet that passed through the mouth of a nebula called NCG 7000 which has the semblance of a cinnabar covered skull. Again, this nebula infers by its shape that it is the skull of their father. The hand-holding of the god emerging from the carapace of a turtle, could well be the father of the [comet] twins, since they reached their mother-to-be through the mouth of that skull.

     Yet, the “holding of the hands’ of the central figure, who is supposed to be the corn god could also be correct because the “corn god” produced food when the land was destroyed by the waters that carried fish and other marine elements to the mountain tops, an item mentioned in INAH’s explanations about the Aztec Sun Disk, noted below:

Atonatuih (Sun of Water) (676 years) (Translation) A = No entiendo, or “I do not understand.”  At = aço = In the future, or above, high up  Tonatuih = Sun “This means the fourth epoch, represented by the head of Chalchiuhtlicue, goddess of water, feminine aspect of Tlaloc, at the end of which everything perished in the terrific storms and torrential rains that covered the earth. Reaching the peaks of the highest mountains the gods changed men into fishes to save them from this universal deluge…” “The discovery of different fossilized species of marine fauna on the top of the mountains, created the basis for this belief. ” 

   Since no one actually knows the age of the “corn god” or when he first appeared in the pantheon of the Maya gods, "fossilized species of marine fauna on the top of the mountains” should not be a surprise to anyone. The Popol Vuh does tell us that the flood came after the “caves slammed shut in the faces of the second creation of humans [and animals probably] who ran to the mountains for the safety of such caves.

       This was a time when Seven Macaw identified himself. He described himself when:

“This was when there was just a trace of early dawn on the face of the earth there was no sun. . .The sky-earth was already there, but the face of the sun-moon was clouded over. (Tedlock, 1996, 73)

     In Tedlock’s Note  regarding Seven Macaw, he does not comment on the lack of sunshine, only on the fact that Seven Macaw was named k’inich k’ak mo or the “Sun-eyed Fire-macaw.” by the Yucatec Maya mostly for its coloring. (Ibid, 237) When this author did not understand the context as related to reality, he wisely did not comment on it, since it was all part of what he considered to be a fanciful myth.

       Earlier, I inserted the information about Sahagun’s identification of the Great Star, which was not Venus Planet, but a nova that appeared in Lyra, next to the brightest star, Vega. This nova exploded, as all novas do, and became the branch of the Milky Way, called the Quetzalveixochitl, the beatutiful rose tree and the other branch was rightfully called the Tree of the Warrior, implying Orion. [Christensen, Alec,  (1883, p.35, note 21)]

The “rose tree” nova actually became a flower in the sky as a nebula called the Ring Nebula.

Quetzalveixochitl, the beatutiful rose tree

 Greenwich Royal Observatory, The Night Sky for November ,

http://www.nmm.ac.uk/rog/2007/11/the_night_sky_for_november.html, 2007.

                  Eric Thompson stated:

There was also a Maya constellation called the Turtle. which according to an informant,is the suare of Orion.  Even though the Motul dictionary has "ak ek" 'the stars that are in the sign of Gemini. which with others form a turtle.'

              Richard Allen gives us the information that the Ring Nebula IS VISIBLE [as a flower form] only with the largest telescopes. (Allen, 1963, 287.) This is true today but with the Hubble and those large telescopes it has been seen and recorded.  as is another Southern constellation the Compass that contains a nebula called the “Hand of God.”

                 To ignore such information that the Old Fire God gave us, and that which Sahagún had set out in Book Seven, Chapters III and IV of his translation of the Florentine Codex translation is ignoring the fact that the Maya, Aztecs and all of Meso-America may only be describing a “myth,” and that Eric Thompson, Dennis Tedlock, Alec Christensen, Allen Christenson, Recinos and Goetz and Morley, and those who attempted to translate the Popol Vuh made it all up in their collective imaginations.

I doubt very much if the informants gave out only fairy tales to each and every translator of the Popol Vuh. It would seem unlikely that they all (over many years of research) said the same thing, with only one change by Tedlock with grave reservations about replacing the Turtle with the Squash for Hunahpú’s head and repeated by Allen Christenson in his version.

____________

Chandra Observatory, Harvard University.for the “Hand of God” designation  through the NASA web pictures of Nebulae. This nebula is located in a southern constellation near the south pole, called the Compass.

Christensen, Alec,  [excerpts from Phillips, Jr, Henry, (1883, p.35, note 21) [The Codex Ramirez] The History of the Mexicans as told by Their Paintings. 

Christenson, Allen J.  (2007) Popol Vuh: Sacred Book of the Quiché Maya People. Electronic version of original 2003 publication. Mesoweb: www.mesoweb.com/publications/Christenson/PopolVuh.pdf.

INAH [Spanish-English].  Cuauhxicalli (Eagles Bowl)  The Aztec Calendar Stone. 

Goetz, D. & Morley, 'S. (1957)  Popol Vuh:  The Sacred Book of the Ancient Quiché Maya, Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press  

(1954) Popul Vuh “The Book of the People” Translated into English by Delia Goetz and Sylvanus Griswold Morley, from Adrián Recino's translation from Quiché into Spanish  Plantin Press, Los Angeles [1954, copyright not registered or renewed] .

Sahagún, Bernardo de (1956). Historia General de Las Cosas de Nueva España. México, DF, México: Editorial Porrua, SA.       

Tedlock, Dennis (1996) Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Thompson, Eric (1971,116,) Maya Hieroglyphic Writing, [Fifth Edition] Norman, Oklahoma.

         

Zemis of the Taino

        In February, 2014 of the Institute of Maya Studies [or IMS], Peter Barrat submitted an interesting article about the Taino and their relationship to the Maya. He also, inadvertently included their relationship to their view of astronomy.

         He included some of their ancient history which told of their stay in the caves, just as the Maya did in the Popol Vuh prior to the flood. Dennis Tedlock translated the Popol Vuh and included the story of how the Maya ran from the rains of ¨burning resin¨ or ¨burning turpentine¨ and headed through the forest for the caves. They arrived at the cave entrances, but discovered to their dismay that the ¨caves had shut in their faces¨ and there was no longer any way to get inside. (Tedlock, 1996, 73)

          The Taino did survive the flood by being in the caves of Hispaniola and they later explored the new islas throughout the Westward Islands.  One can assume that many of these smaller islands were a result of the meteorite fallout into the Gulf of Mexico, that followed the ¨burning¨ rains.

* * * * * * * *

            In memory of the great disaster, the the natives created a Zemis, which was a triangular image with an eye incised on one side. The triangular shape was created as a sacred stone that could bless and honor the stars. It also was a great talisman for religion and for healing. This. it was  an excellent reminder of the the location of the nova within the Triangle that caused all the trouble on earth. (See also Sahagún below.)

           The description that fits the event from the point of the nova itself was translated by Mary Miller and Karl Taube in their book in 1993: called  The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Meosamerican Religion.

          Mary and Karl's book  has four paragraphs that not only described the goddess as the goddess, Tlatecuhtli, but also what happened to her as two comets passed by. The event was such that I had spent almost three years attempting to decipher the hidden narrators in the Popol Vuh. I had decided that the words themselves had to be the narrators and had discovered that the gravity forces from that nova fluctuated as it was dying. The book by Mary and Karl described that part of the event. as if  I had copied it straight from their four paragraphs. (p. 167)

         Their version was that Tlaltecuhtli had her right arm and left leg pulled off by one god and the left arm and righT leg torn off by the other. The debris then was carried to earth and dropped there. The other sky gods (meteorites) came down to commiserate with Tlaltecuhtli about her dismemberment and her eviction from her star position.

          Even earlier, A. Beam and M. Simons wrote an article for in 1978 after they had investigated the Moon Disk found when the engineers were digging a new route to the Metro Rail system in Mexico City.

          A sculpture of the Aztec Moon Goddess, Coyolxauhqui decapitated,  with arms and legs cut off. is the same story as that of the Maya Hunahpú, a male entity who was decapitated by the inhabitants of the Bat Cave in Xibalba. The role change came about because the Maya women never played the ball game on land and therefore could never have played it in the heavens The two Huitzilopochtl and Coyolxauhqui both fell from the same comet as debris from the exploding blue star called Tlaltecuhtli. It may well be that the star was as bright as the moon, and thus became our eternal image of an extra moon during a single month called the Blue Moon.

The Moon Disk from Metro Rain System
in Mexico City

             The Zemis was made of a tree called the lignum vitae, or guayacan, which is referred to as blue mahoe, the “holy wood” or “wood of life.” The interesting thing about this wood is it is a blue, color just as the latest statue of Tlaltecuhtli is painted blue.(See IMS, February 2014, p. 5)

             As a translator-prisoner in the monastery of Sahagún during the Conquest of Mexico, a scribe we now call Sahagún, added his own description of the star that burst asunder and he called it the Great Star. He gave the coordinates of the three stars that enclosed it as time on a clock. To make sure that everyone knew it was the one mentioned in the Popol Vuh, he also included the star locations in the next chapter of the Florentine Codex, i.e. Chapter IV, number IV,  That inferred that Seven Macaw was the bird in the burning Cosmic Tree instead of the Blue Lady who was born [and died] there as the Earth Lord, a male entity, in the first line of the first page of the Bodley Codex. (Alfonso Caso, 1960.page 1-III, 26)

             Sahagún also noted one very minor detail that has been overlooked.  He stated in Chapter III that  that star was in el signo de toro. One must read the star charts of the era to find out that Taurus was a well-known designation for that constellation. So Sahagún's phrase to inform us where the Great Star was located, was passed by the Inquisitors since everyone knew that toro meant Taurus.

          There are four idiomatic phrases associated with the signo de toro, but only one gave the information about Chapter IV, Number IV. The other phrases inferred the duties of the scribe himself. They indicated his compliance to his mentors in the monastery. A good scribe who was also a good translator was an important person there. He valued that position enough to keep it.

The Fifth Sun With its Last Trajectory Across the Mixtec Sky

         Another Mixtec manuscript named all of the rulers of Apuala and Tilantango known from the beginning of time. The list ended just after the Conquest of the area. The scribe, gave even more information about the Great Star and included enough details to what had occurred so that the event was traceable even to Lake Texcoco.
          The dynastic rulers are situated on the left side of a map thought to be a copy of the map-making techniques of the new regime. Each name is listed as glyphs. To the right of the ruling families, that round map was very ugly and difficult to read. However, at its top, was an arc with a blazing sun in the northwest. A small wooden cradle marks its birthplace.
        The arc contained the trajectory of the blazing comet (as the Sun, ''



')/  It also showed at the end of the trajectory, two mountains of the rim of Lake Texcoco that were split asunder with a sky axe.  Ignored as a decorative feature. it confirmed the existence, not of the Sun, but of the comet, and a new growth of the Milky Way behind Orion. (See the Blog here dated March 23, 2013)
              There is much more to astronomical connections between political areas of Mesoamerica but the one that was most surprising, was that of the Tainos, who were not supposed to know anything about astronomy or the stars above them. Badlerdash! The Americas had a better view of the skies and higher mountains to use for star watching plus a host of educators for mathematics and astronomy within their own tribes. They also knew their histories better than those who conquered them.
_________________________________
Barrat, Peter (2014, 5) Let´s Explore the Taino, Institute of Maya Studies [or IMS] Newsletter, February. 2 (43) 3-5.

Beam,. A &, Simons, M. (1978, 96) Digging up a Goddess, Newsweek

Caso,  Alfonso, (1960, 1-III, 2-28) The Interpretation of the Codex Bodley #2858, (Transl by Ruth Moraless,and revised by John Paddock) Ciudad de México: Sociedad Mexicana de Antropologia

Mary Miller and Karl Taube (1993, 167) The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of  Meosamerican Religion.

 Sahagún, (1956) Bernardo de (1956). Historia General de Las Cosas de Nueva España. México, DF, México: Editorial Porrua, SA. The Florentine Codex Volumes I through IV.

 Tedlock, Dennis (1996, 73)   Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings. New York: Simon and Schuster.

The God Who Traveled North

Fig. 01: Inca God from Chavin de Huantar [1] 
Today called Ophiuchus

THE GOD THAT TRAVELED NORTH TO OAXACA

          The golden god with the pointed hat and four serpents was the main god for many years. He holds a snake in each hand and there are two more attached to his belt. (Fig. 01) In another golden version, the same god has serpents around his head [but no body] that may indicate fire which agrees with the Aztec sun stone, where two flaming serpents surround the stone with fiery scales. 

Fig. 02. Sechin, Peru [3]

        The rainbow event is illustrated on a Sechin monolith with his three stars prominent in his now truncated trapezoid hat. His hair consists of feathers that are also a fire symbol in the north. (Fig. 02) The after-the-event rainbow element as an arc over the eye is a common glyph in the Dresden, Madrid and Paris, that are codices found in Meso-America. (Fig. 03)

Fig. 03:    Wm. Gates. #95.2 Rainbow-head Glyph
Left Bottom row

A STOPOVER AT KAMINAL JUYU

Fig. 04: Sky Storm-Rainbow Man

        Merchants passed through Ecuador and Colombia, buying and selling their ware. When they entered Meso-America, Guatemala did not seem to be part of the Inca polity, even though they probably traveled through the area easily. Even so it is in Kaminaljuyu that we find a twisted snake-like figure representing the turmoil in the sky held over a monkey-faced entity with rainbow glyphs on his arms and legs.(Fig. 04) . Stela 14  can be compared with both the stela 22 and stela 67 of Izapa. (Shown below in the Izapa section ) 

Fig. 05: Peru's version of the Turmoil in the Sky
as The Rebellion of the Artifacts

         However, the Inca version is a much simpler illustration found in 1910 by Eduard Seler in the Huaca de la Luna, of Moche and in K. Doig’s edition as Figure 459.  The caption described the fresco. It said ‘the objects are animated and [they] destroyed humanity.’ It also states that Sr. Imbelloni searched for comparable myths and discovered such myths of destruction have many variations in different regions of the Americas.  (Kauffmann Doig, 1971, 305).  (Fig. 05)

A  STOPOVER AT  EL  BAUL

Fig. 06: El Tigre del Baul
of Guatemala

Fig. 07: El  Tigre de Chavin
de Huantar, Peru

          El Baul is located in the lowlands of Guatemala and is close enough to the Mexican border that laborers cross to work in the most productive finca in in the country. It is but a short distance off the Pan American Highway, yet it is still too small to be put on a tour map.

   El Tigre del Baul of the Maya is in residence here in the local Museum. And as can be seen, he has his counterpart in Peru at Chavin de Huantar. They are similar even to the prominent male genitals. So why are they called felines? Male cats are much most discreet about their private parts. They are probably more protective of them since all cats have sharp claws that can damage another with a sudden swipe.

A  STOPOVER  AT  IZAPA

Fig:  08: Izapa Stela.22

Fig. 09: Izapa Stela 67

         The turmoil of stars in the sky when the sky was raised became a different style than the monkey-man's efforts to control the sky. Different artists produce different images of any and all events. Even with today's cameras, one photographer's work will stand out as the result of an incident, and yet have nothing to do with the actual damage the event created.
          Such was the problem with the turmoil in the Maya version. Stela 22 (Fig. 08) shows serpentine forms in the sky with square eyes. Square eyes is a modismo that indicates sheer amazement. After all the Sky itself was raised by the brilliant Sun, so it was believed.
         The two Stelae have the same entity (person) in each boat; one is when the turmoil in the sky came about; and the second: After everything seemed normal again and the rainbow foretold a promising future for the survivors.

        The final Rainbow of the Izapa Stela 67  [Garth Norman]  (Fig. 09) and  in the Inca Temple Room (de la Vega, p. 117) are found on Izapa, Stela 67. This rainbow image is located behind the original golden god of the Inca. turned upside-down.(Fig. 10)

Fig. 10: God in Boat
Upside-down from Peru Version

            The angles on the serpents that are holding up the "boat" when I first measured it, was the same angles as the Izapa boats. I felt that this was the Maya version of Ophiuchus. And he is now a "happy entity in the sky" because the rainbow said it was to be so.
            It seems that the Maya were of a logical frame of mind so when the belt of the golden god became the boat, his body is cut off and placed on top of it. The dugout estuary canoe of both Stelae were hung between two serpents in the sky. The first may have been a land view of the sky since there are no clouds under the water area as in Stela 67.
         On Stela Fig. 09, the boat is in front of the rainbow (or, as in Peru, the canoe is the belt, right side-up with a serpent hanging on each side.) (Fig. 01) in order that the Maya could understand the elements of that mode of transport in the Milky Way (as per the upside-down clouds under the water) affirmed by the Sky bands in headdresses of the two water gods. (Stela 67, Fig. 09)

AND THEN TO OAXACA

         An early text which names a noble woman in Mitla, near Oaxaca, was discovered by Joyce Marcus.  In it she found the name of a woman called: Xonaxi Quecuya [Princess?] of Tlaculula (Mitla? near Oaxaca). The name or title of this woman, Quecuya may be the short form of ‘Quiché Coya,’ Garcilaso de la  Vega identified ‘coya’ as a queen or ‘sister-bride’ of an Inca Emperor.
            Since all political records of the Inca were destroyed in the search for gold, one can only assume that many sister-brides of the Inca, who were not a wife or a concubine,  were groomed for [politics of] the day.
          Apparently one was sent to Mitla as a ‘silent’ ambassadress to one of their political allies. She was there in a position to inform the Inca of any back-sliding allies or of any treason intended.

AND BACK TO THE NASCA PLAINS IN PERU

           Another star form is here, probably carried to Nasca by a student of Oaxaca. I had seen a radish on page M-39c of the Madrid Codex but had ignored it completely. I was busy with the dotted star forms on either side of the Jaguar.

           This is a major problem encountered when students decide on their disciplines. Connections between Aztec, Mixtec, Maya or Inca, have little meaning even when such connections contain valid information.  

          After much searching, I found the same radish form, much to my surprise, in the Madrid Codex, the same page as noted above. It represented an earplug of a blind man whose head was in the mouth of a Jaguar. (Fig. 11) Who could have brought the radish to Peru?

Fig. 11: Madrid 39c. Blind god
in mouth of Jaguar of
the Night Sky

       The student of Oaxaca, is mentioned in the Bodley Codex. on Lam, 26 I and 25 II. (See Below) Three Dog began his journey by leaving his parents and traveling under their path to where the stars were see upside-down (south of the Equator where every star event is different from the northern climes.)
      He is accompanied by a servant called Six Tiger

.

Fig. 10: The Nasca Radish

Fig. 12: The Nasca journey

who carried the goddess She of the Intertwined Serpents" to whom Six Tiger offered incense constantly praying for a good journey. The two of them arrive at Sandy River on Observation Hill that might be on the Nasca Plains.

Fig. 11: The Journey
Begins

  The proof of Three Dog's origen is to be found in a modern festival, that of El Noche de los Rabanos  Several years ago (after 2003) a display at that festival showed several items done as radishes. The triangular hat of the Sechin monolith; the image of a male dog; and two interwined radishes with a text carved on them that read "The Goddess of the Intertwined Serpents."

Conclusions

          In conclusion, the items above are multiple, and add to the concept of inter-american transmission of not only, goldwork and women, but also of god images along the way. As for the Nasca plains, it appears that they were the training ground for measuring and triangulating the stars to earth for other unknown purposes.

   

         It appears that Three Dog, the student, went to learn astronomy in Nasca, Peru. The figures on the ground indicate triangulation of the stars to the ground measures. Such measurements are dedicated to the gods above and their temples are based on star positions. The stars have been changing over the centuries, so it may be that the constellations for the temples have moved. One does not know anything for sure.
          Besides the above there are also many word variations in Peru, such as Lake Poopo (de la Vega, p. 122, #3) Poopo is the name given to the Deaguardero canal (maybe as ‘Canal guards’ who may have come from Popocatepetl and given that insulting name?) Did they wear beards? (Sprague. et al, 1973) The canal leads one to Lake Titicaca. Other typical Maya items, are forehead  and head lengthening of the skull  (K. Doig p. 503) mention of Los Orejones  during the post-conquest times of Huascar, the legitimate heir. (long ears from wearing heavy ear spools?) (Ibid p/ 615) 

           Both the passage north and the passage south are well defined. There is more information available for such data, one only has to search harder for it.  The major problem is that the Conquest of all the Americas has literally been erased from the native histories, except when and where it was saved usually in plain sight.
_______

[1] Sheppard, Barbara M. (Art Director) (1992). Incas: Lords of Gold and Glory. New York, The Time, Inc. Book Company / Time-Life Books / Robert H. Smith, Publisher, p. 158 timeline has serpent holder.with Chavin de Hauntar date of Early Horizon, 1400-400 BC

[2] Doig, F. K. (1971, 263)  Fig. 02: Arqueológia Peruana: Visión Integral
Lima, Peru: Promoción Editorial Inca, SA. Fig. 357 From Sechin, Peru, three star in hat as a triangle, feathers indicate hair (or fire, as Maya/Astec symbolism)

 [3] Gates, William, (1978, 126)  glyph number 93; All are associated with the god of death who wears the cacophonic noise of a low flying comet overhead.

[5]  Doig, F. K. (1971, 169)  Fig. 167 El  arte litico Chavin.. El felino sentaado
 Las representadas de felines son tambien en el formativo mesoamericano abundantes.

[6] El Tigre de Baul, A Cat or a Dog?

Berlitz, C. (None),Mysteries of Ancient South America Braniff Place International Travel Magazine,  p 10-12-14 Inca

Betazanos,J. d. (1987)  Suma Y narración de los Incas [1551]
Madrid:

Cobo, F. B. (1990)  Inca Religion and Customs  (Roland Hamilton, Trans.) Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press

Cobo, F. B. (1993)  History of the Inca Empire: An account of the Indians' customs and their origin together with a treatise on Inca Legends, history, and social institutions Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press

Chocano, J. S. (1976)  El Idilio de los Volcanoes:  Leyendas Indigenes Hispano-Americanas y Españolas] Mexico, D F,  Mexico: Pepsa Editores

Benavides-Cáceres, V. E. (1956)  Cretaceous System in Northern Peru
(Bulletin No. 108)  American Museum of Natural History, New York

Vecco, M. (2003). ChavÌn de Huántar: The Conspiracy of the Gods.
Rumbos Online, I (3), 58. ChavÌn de Huántar

Urton, Gary  (1981) At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky: An Andean Cosmology, Austin: University of Texas Press.
pp. 54-69 discusses related modern ideas.about the Milky Way (mayo or ‘river’)

Hay, C. L., Linton, Lothrop, Shapiro and Vaillant
(1940) The Maya and Their Neighbors, New York Chapter III, p. 426 - 427, (Bibliography: 1937 Lothrop, S. K. "Zacualpa: A Study of Ancient Quiche Artifacts (Carnegie Institute of Washington publication 472, Washington DC . 1937. Coclé, "An Archeological Study of Central Panama" (part 1, Memoirs Peabody Museum of Harvard University, Vol. 7 Cambridge) Figure 181 Table XII)  emeralds and gold from Ecuador in Coclé. South American emeralds in Mexican loot. Gold ornaments from Coclé and Colombia at Chichen Itza in Yucatan; Peruvian goldwork in Guatemala and Oaxaca in Mexico-Spondylus Shells

de Camp, L. Spague. and Catherine C. de Camp (1973)  Citadels of Mystery (formerly titled Ancient Ruins and Archaeology), (1973) New York: Ballantine Books.    Beard on sky-god Itzamná

Tbe Codex Bodley ; [can found on  famsi.org]